Outcome C: An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs

Taxonomy Level:	Knowledge	Comprehension	Application	Analysis	Synthesis	Evaluation	Valuation
Bloom’s Definition:	Remembering previously learned information	Grasping the meaning of information	Applying knowledge to actual situations	Breaking down objects or ideas into simpler parts and seeing how the parts relate and are organized	Rearranging component ideas into a new whole	Making judgements based on internal evidence or external criteria	Sensitivity/willingness to receive (awareness w/o assessment, willingness to suspend judgement); Actively respond (comply, commit, internal satisfaction); Value (acceptance of worth, preference); Organize (when values conflict)
Verbs:	Arrange, define, describe, duplicate, identify, label, list, match, memorize, name, order, outline, recognize, relate, recall, repeat, reproduce, select, state	Classify, convert, defend, describe, discuss, distinguish, estimate, explain, express, extend, generalized, give example(s), identify, indicate, infer, locate, paraphrase, predict, recognize, rewrite, report, restate, review, select, summarize, translate	Apply, change, choose, compute, demonstrate, discover, dramatize, employ, illustrate, interpret, manipulate, modify, operate, practice, predict, prepare, produce, relate schedule, show, sketch, solve, use, write	Analyze, appraise, breakdown, calculate, categorize, compare, contrast, criticize, diagram, differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, examine, experiment, identify, illustrate, infer, model, outline, point out, question, relate, select, separate, subdivide, test	Arrange, assemble, categorize, collect, combine, comply, compose, construct, create, design, develop, devise, explain, formulate, generate, plan, prepare, propose, rearrange, reconstruct, relate, reorganize, revise, rewrite, set up, summarize, synthesize, tell, write	Appraise, argue, assess, attach, choose, compare, conclude, contrast, defend, describe, discriminate, estimate, evaluate, explain, judge, justify, interpret, relate, predict, rate, select, summarize, support, value	Accept, challenge, defend, respect, question, support, enjoy
Outcome Element: Need Recognition Identify stated and unstated wants and needs that motivate the design effort; convert them into a needs statement.)	Recite definitions; name established methods and list their steps	Describe differences between different methods; carry out steps in a hypothet-ical design situation when asked	Select and perform appropriate method at a proper stage of a design project	Analyze perceived wants and needs to isolate the most relevant needs	Produce a clear and unambiguous needs statement in a design project	Assess/verify consistency of needs statement with customer’s and societal needs	Believe that design effort benefits from a clear, unambigu-ous needs statement
Outcome Element: Problem Definition Determine design objectives and functional requirements based on needs statement, identify constraints on the design problem, and establish criteria for acceptability and desirability of solutions.	Recite definitions; name established methods and list their steps	Describe differences between different methods; carry out steps when asked	Select and utilize appropriate method for problem definition; success-fully produce problem definition at an appropriate stage of a design project	Analyze a needs statement to isolate information pertaining to problem definition	Guide a design project by use of the produced problem definition	Evaluate adequacy and consistency of produced problem definition with needs statement, reality	Believe that good problem definition assists the design process
Outcome Element: Planning (Strategic) Development of a design strategy, including an overall plan of attack, decomposition of design problem into subtasks, prioritization of subtasks, establishment of timetables and milestones by which progress may be evaluated.	Recite definitions; name and list steps in design process; list established management strategies and their elements	Describe differences between different design steps; carry out steps when asked	Select and perform appropriate design stage at an appropriate point in a design project	Analyze progress of design in order to revise plan as needed	Produce a design strategy and use it to guide a design project	Evaluate progress by comparing current design state to design plan	Believe that planning is important to design success
Outcome Element: Control and Management (Tactical) Guidance of course of action during design and in response to changing conditions.	Name project monitoring techniques; list their elements and applications; list methods to modify design plans	Describe differences between different techniques; modify a given design plan given a situation	Select and perform appropriate monitoring, modification method during a design project	Analyze progress of design in order to revise plan as needed; analyze errors to determine proper reaction	Maintain a design strategy during a design project	Judge quality of monitoring; judge quality of revisions to plan	Believe that changes in original plan are acceptable and typical
Outcome Element: Information Gathering Gather information about the design problem, including the need for a solution, user needs and expectations, relevant engineering fundamentals and technology, and feedback from users.	Name and list steps in information gathering; list established methods and their elements	Use specified information gathering method to research a specified design issue	Recognize need for information during a design project; gather information using an appropriate method	Analyze information need to determine type of information to gather during a design project	Employ gathered information in design decisions	Judge quality,of gathered information	Believe that information gathering is important to design success
Outcome Element: Generate Ideas Transform functional objectives/requirements into candidate solutions.	Name established idea generation methods and list their steps and attributes	Describe differences between methods; perform specified method in hypothetical design situation when asked	Select and perform appropriate idea generation methods in a design project	Analyze failed candidates to suggest new candidates	Integrate generated ideas into design plan; generate ideas creatively or ad hoc where established methods fail	Judge completeness, quality of generated candidates	Believe that systematic idea generation is important to design success
Outcome Element: Modeling Employ models / representations / simulations of the physical world to provide information for design decisions.	Recite definitions; name and list modeling and simulation methods and representation techniques, their elements and applicability	Describe differences between methods; use a specified representation to investigate a specified design issue, carry out steps of a specified method when asked	Select and perform model or represent-ation at an approp-riate point in a design project	Analyze output of model or representation	Incorporate output of model into the design project	Evaluate quality of model, simulation, or representation and its output	Believe that modeling is important to design success
Outcome Element: Feasibility Evaluate feasibility of alternatives or proposed solutions by considering stated constraints as well as implied constraints such as manufacturability, cost, compatibility	Recite definition of feasibility; name and list steps in feasibility analysis methods	Can recognize feasible candidates among a selection of candidates (using a specified method)	Perform feasibility analysis at an appropriate point in a design project, selecting applicable method	Analyze performance results, modeling results, interfaces to determine source of failure	Use the result of feasibility analysis to choose a candidate; employ insights gained	Evaluate judgements of feasibility, particularly with respect to possible biases	Believe that recognizing feasibility is important to design success
Outcome Element: Evaluation Objectively determine relative value of feasible alternatives or proposed solutions by comparing expected or actual performance to evaluation criteria.	Name and list evaluation methods and their elements, applicability	Describe differences between different methods; carry out specified method when asked	Select and apply appropriate evaluation method at an appropriate point in a design project	Analyze results of evaluation to discern additional criteria	Rank or otherwise rate candidates based on evalaution results; report on expected performance of candidates	Judge quality and comprehensiveness of evaluation, particularly by recognizing possible biases	Believe that evaluation is important to design success; belief in value of systematic, unbiased methods of evaluation
Outcome Element: Selection / Decision Selection of most feasible and suitable concept among design alternatives.	Name established decision and selection methods and their steps and applicability; list common decision criteria	Describe differences between decision and selection methods; make a decision or selection given a set of alternatives	Select and perform appropriate decision and selection methods at an appropriate point in a design project	Analyze feasible alternatives to identify bases for decision, selection	Select a candidate and proceed with design	Evaluate quality of selection or decision, e.g. with respect to possible bias	Believe that timely selection, structured decision process is important to design success
Outcome Element: Implementation Creating an instance of physical products and processes for purpose of testing or production	List and outline manufacturing and prototyping methods; list applic-ations, strengths, weaknesses	Describe differences between methods; select an approp-riate method given a situation; build a prototype by a specified method	Select and implement fabrication, production in a design project	Analyze output to suggest alternate methods of fabrication or production	Build a prototype or manufacture the artifact; incorporate components into a final design	Judge quality of prototype or product	Believe that prototyping and manufacturing are important to design success
Outcome Element: Communication Exchange of information with others, utilizing appropriate formats.	Name types of communication and their formats; name and list steps in communication methods; list difficulties, strengths, and applications	Describe differences between different forms of commun-ication; carry out when asked; identify possible pitfalls in a hypothetical design situation	Select and perform appropriate form of communication at appropriate points in a design project	Analyze messages to identify implied information; recognize errors and means of remedy	Communicate successfully throughout a design project; direct received communi-cations to proper recipient	Evaluate effectiveness of chosen format and message	Believe that good communication and group dynamics is important to design success
Outcome Element: Documentation Produce usable documents of record regarding the design process and design state, including decision history and criteria, project plan and progress, intermediate design states, finished product and use of product.	Name common forms and purposes of documentation; list common targets of documentation, elements of good documentation	Describe differences between forms of documentation; document a specific design action by a specific form when asked	Select and perform appropriate documentation at an appropriate point in a design project	Analyze design activity to locate targets of documentation;	Create comprehensive history of design process as design proceeds	Evaluate quality of produced documentation and choice of documentation format (e.g., given audience)	Believe that diligent documentation is important to design success
Outcome Element: Iteration Utilize strategies to inform design decisions which may contribute to a change in a design state (e.g., the problem definition, problem solutions, or design process plan).	Recites definitions; identifies strategies or procedures that generate information which may contribute to design decisions.	Can describe iterative process models of design; modify, improve or elaborate a design state given a situation.	Select and perform strategies to generate information that may be used to modify, improve or elaborate a design state.	Examine and critique progress for opportunities to revise design state as needed; analyze violations, inconsistencies, or conflicts to determine proper response.	Incorporate and integrate feedback; Generate new knowledge about design problem; Develop new strategies or tools to monitor progress.	Critique quality of monitoring, strategies and tools; judge quality of revisions to design state.	Believe that changes to original plan or products are acceptable, typical, and important to design success